For many centuries, women were subjected to work as housewives or complete ordinary tasks in submission to the men in authority over their lives. All over the world, women usually had little to say about their interests, thoughts, or desires. In some cases, even the wealthiest women were refused the freedom to become educated in a man’s field of study because the idea was simply not acceptable at the time. Despite the adversity that many women faced early on, their perseverance slowly started an exponential growth of passion among women to become properly educated, pursue careers, and benefit society with their insightful contributions and expertise. In the field of science and engineering, women were always a minority and they still hold that position to this day. People often assume that women in science and engineering are a new phenomenon, but this is a fallacy. By examining the roles women have played throughout history in the fields of science and engineering we can gain more insight as to how women began as a minority, and grew to gain equal respect among the community of scientists and engineers, as well as inspired other women to attain these same positions.
From historical records, the first mention of the term engineering appeared over one thousand years ago. Available archives do not specify the gender of the engineers, their work, or life, only that they existed. Surprisingly, documentation of an organization that included female engineers does not appear until the year 1724 when the first craft guild was formed in North America. This group consisted of one-hundred and fifty outstanding architects, building contractors, and structural engineers. Men and women entering the construction field through the Carpenters’ Company were offered encouragement, education, and support. During a time period where women wore huge dresses, gossiped, and drank tea, it was shocking to think that a woman could become a scientist or an engineer. Today most people naturally accept women who do the work of a man and respect them for continuing to maintain their femininity.
During the height of the enlightenment, both men and women were encouraged to pursue knowledge. This freedom caused many women to experiment with learning. The period of enlightenment caused one particular French noblewoman, Ѐmilie du Châtelet, to write about mathematics and physics. Her lover, Voltaire, a popular author at the time, learned about most of his science from this passionate woman. Following in the footsteps of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Sir Isaac Newton, Ѐmilie extensively documented her ideas and discoveries. Through printed books, pamphlets, hand-copied letters, and informal readings, Ѐmilie added to the beauty of science until her early death in 1749.
Unfamiliar to the overwhelming feelings of lustful love and attraction, Madame Marie Thérèse Geoffrin was married off to a very old and distinguished man at the innocent age of fourteen. As an adult, she vastly contributed to enabling the communication and development of science during the enlightenment. She owned the best-known Parisian salon of the 1750’s. Madame Geoffrin’s Salon, as everyone called it, was the gathering place of countless intellectuals who were captivated by new theories and possibilities. Famous men in science like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Raynal joined others to discuss new phenomena. Even during the peak of enlightenment, which embraced change, many men resented and provokingly criticized the power of women’s salons. Despite the indignation from some men, intellectual life and movements of reform sprang up all over Europe due to the gatherings.
Over a century later in Britain, five women enrolled at Cambridge University in 1869. When the news caught wind of this, some influential doctors declared that the brain of the average female was a whopping one-hundred and fifty grams lighter than the brain of a man. Women attending universities were warned that if they were too diligent in their studies, they would become infertile by killing their own womb from exhaustion. During the same year when the Senate of Cambridge University held a vote to determine if the women attending the college should be allowed official membership, a riot broke out and the meeting ended in chaos. Ultimately, women’s right prevailed and the vote was in favor of official membership for all women. This encouraged more women to pursue getting a proper education.
After almost three hundred years from the inception of engineering, the first North American woman to graduate with a degree in engineering was Elizabeth Bragg. In 1876, she graduated from the University of California with an accredited degree in civil engineering. The trend of women going into majors that were dominated by men started to bloom even before the day of her graduation. Elizabeth was simply another flame that was added to the fire. Little is known about her career, but the University of California likes to brag about her. To this day, she holds the position of being the first graduated woman engineer in North America.
World renown for their daring and sacrificial addition to science, the dynamic duo, Madame Marie and Pierre Curie were a significant monument of change. Born on the crisp autumn morning of November 7, 1867, Madame Marie appeared to be an ordinary girl like her older sisters. However, her devoted fascination for physics, chemistry, and mathematics revealed that she was not ordinary, but extraordinary. After being awarded a degree in physics in 1893, she met Pierre Curie at the Sorbonne who was an instructor there at that time. Merely on the grounds that she was a woman, she was rejected a position at Kraków University. This caused her to return to Paris where she married Pierre in 1895. Together, the two scientists were so enraptured by their work, they rarely left their office. It was evident that they shared a deep bond and were truly in love. After discovering the element radium, Madame Marie and Pierre did not understand the damage that it was doing to their bodies. Weak from the radiation, Pierre fell and died instantly when his skull was crushed from a wagon that careless drove over his fragile body. Due to radiation exposure, Madame Marie slowly died at the age of sixty-six. Madame Marie was not only the first woman to be nominated and awarded a Nobel Prize, but she was the very first person to share two Nobel Prizes. She was the first woman professor at the Sorbonne, and ultimately, in honor the achievements of her and Pierre, their remains were transferred to be preserved in the Paris Panthéon. Madame Marie became the first, and remains the one and only, woman to be honored in such high regards.
A year after the marriage of the Curies, the first female student that The University of Wisconsin enrolled in 1896 failed to graduate due to the adversity she faced because of her gender. However, thirty years later, one woman finally graduated from the college with an engineering degree. Her name was Emily Hahn. Born in the small farm town of St. Louis, Missouri, her friends and family gave her the nickname, “Mickey.” When she was fifteen years old, her whole family moved to Chicago to begin a new life. As a young woman, she was not allowed to take a chemistry class at the University of Wisconsin. This sudden interest in chemistry and refusal caused her to change her major from English to Engineering. Emily was a woman who looked at a challenged and made a plan to defeat it, and accomplished her goal. Despite the disdain from the administration and students at the college, she graduated in 1926 with a degree in Mining Engineering. Eventually she procured a career in journalism and then later became a novelist where she wrote about her personal experiences and the lives of others.
Even though they never had the privilege of meeting face to face, Emily Hahn was alive during the same time as Lillian Moller Gilbreth, who was deemed, “The First Lady of Engineering.” Even though everyone clearly knows that she is not the “first” she holds the dignified position of representing the “First Lady” because of her impressive accomplishments. In the year 1900, she completed a bachelor degree from the University of California, and then in 1902 a masters degree. Even though she finished her Ph. D, she could not receive the degree because of residency complications. In the meantime, a handsome and brilliant gentleman by the name of Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Sr., had his eye on Lillian. They met while researching for a project about applied motion. It was love at first sight for the two intellectuals and Frank proposed to Lillian and she lovingly accepted. On a bright and cheery fall morning on October 19, 1904, they exchanged wedding vows and became husband and wife. The next year she had her first child, a beautiful baby girl. After birthing eight children, she persevered and simultaneously earned a Ph. D fifteen years later from Brown University. After her twelfth child, she stopped conceiving in 1922 and decided that it was time to be more focused on her ideas. Her legacy not only lives on through her children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, but through the work that she contributed to science and engineering. It was remarkable for her to set an outstanding example of being a respectable mother along with her innovative work of being an engineer.
About the same time Lillian was a young child, a future expert was born in the friendly city of Cincinnati, Ohio, Olive Clio Hazlett lived there with her family until they moved to the busy streets of Boston, Massachusetts. Since she was a bright individual, she received a bachelor’s degree from Radcliffe College in 1912. Then she attended the University of Chicago where she completed a master's degree in 1913 and a Ph.D. in 1915. Olive’s love and devotion was exclusively for mathematics. To pursue her research of algebra, she quit her position at Mount Holyoke and moved to the University of Illinois. There she remained as professor for the conclusion of her professional career. Severely unhappy with her situation, she suffered from mental illnesses and took some time to herself. When she came back from leave, the students noticed a change in her behavior and were frightened of her. After suffering from more mental breakdowns and being placed on disability leave, she was not permitted to return to her teaching position. For the rest of her lonely life, she continued to work on mathematics while she lived in a home for the disabled in Peterborough, New Hampshire.
Since there are many women who claim to be the very first woman engineer in the world, it’s difficult to determine who is telling the truth. Nevertheless, each and every woman during the pioneering days played an important role to the moment of women in the industry of science and engineering. If it wasn’t for honorable men who believed that everyone was created equal, supported the rights of women, and opened the doors of opportunity, there probably would not be any women scientists or engineers. Men often take the blame for making it difficult for women to succeed. It is very important to know that only some men were this way - definitely not all. Women who are wise and successful realize and apply the fact that they need men in order to survive in the world. North America and Europe were not the only countries dealing with this dramatic change, it was a worldwide movement.
Even though the number of women in science and engineering when it began was few, it was more than one which was better than none. Even though there is strength in numbers, it takes only one to start those numbers, and more ones to make hundreds. Women like Madame Marie, Ѐmilie du Châtelet, Emily Hahn, and countless others, will be remembered forever because of their bold efforts to feed the fire of their passion for science and engineering. Their lives clearly demonstrate the result of hard work – accomplishment. For that aspect alone, we owe them our sincere respect. These women faced rejection and disgrace. However, nothing ever put them out of their place. They stood their ground, took the blows, and kept moving like it was a part of the game. In the beginning of this revolution, the progress was slow, but now there is an exponential increase of women scientists and engineers all over the world.
Despite the criticism that women used to frequently face, they were still offered golden nuggets of encouragement in ways they never expected. For example, Emily Hahn was once hesitantly told by her lab partner, "you ain't so dumb!" after weeks of noticing her tremendous intelligence. Madame Marie was presented with awards and monuments, but her everlasting source of endurance came from her beloved husband, Pierre Curie. Voltaire attributed his scientific discoveries to his lover, Ѐmilie du Châtelet, who bloomed with her fervor for science and undoubtedly gave off an addictive fragrance. Olive Clio Hazlett was mentioned by her students for her quick wit along with her impressive discoveries about mathematics. In any situation, encouragement can keep a person on a path of accomplishing their ambitions which may one day bless countless individuals. For these women, it brought unity to their desire for other women to be educated as scientists and engineers.
Scientists and engineers might not always have it together, but together they have it all. When like-minded people are able to work together and accomplish great things, society is ultimately benefited. Regardless of the distress that women in science and engineering encountered, their determination prevailed to help create an undying passion for women to be educated, hold a career, and to ameliorate other experts with their knowledge. By examining some women scientists and engineers from history, we were able to gather a better understanding that women are and were a minority in the field of science and engineering. The emotional and mental anguish that these women endured was truly an excellent example to all women who desire to choose their future freely. In today’s culture, women are free to explore their personal interests, thoughts, or desires. Event the poorest women are given the opportunity to become their very best due to benevolent individuals. Women around the world are forever indebted to the lives of the first female scientists and engineers who delighted in the achievable challenge to change the world.
Bibliography
Date Accessed 4/27/2010: http://www.ideafinder.com/features/classact/women.htm
Date Accessed 4/27/2010: http://www.engineergirl.org/?id=11783
Date Accessed 4/27/2010: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Hahn
Date Accessed 4/17/2010: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie
Date Accessed 4/28/2010: http://womenst.library.wisc.edu/bibliogs/hws/hws0505.htm
Date Accessed 4/28/2010: http://www.archive.org/stream/captaincoxhisbal00laneuoft/captaincoxhisbal00laneuoft_djvu.txt
Date Accessed 4/28/2010: http://www.thecarpenterscompany.co.uk/pages/craft_activities/philadelphia_company/default.aspx
Date Accessed 4/29/2010: http://www.lib.purdue.edu/spcol/womenarc/notable.php
Date Accessed 4/29/2010: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth
Date Accessed 5/2/2010: http://www.engology.com/engpg4womeninengg.htm
Date Accessed 5/2/2010: http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60A12FC345C137B93C1AB1789D85F438785F9
Date Accessed 5/2/2010: http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/hazlett.htm
Saturday, May 8, 2010
Tolerating Intolerance
Hate crimes occur globally all the time; however, they often go unnoticed and unreported. Innocent people are harassed, bashed, and humiliated for their views on debatable issues. Verbal abuse, offensive signs, physical assault, property damage, and murder are a few of the countless ways that minority groups have been discriminated. Hurting another person because of a strong dislike for their race, religion, intelligence, disability, political affiliation, gender or sexual orientation should not be tolerated, and must be stopped; otherwise many innocent people will continue to suffer. For centuries African Americans and women have been the target for racial and gender hate crimes. More recently, the status of the sexual orientation and gender identity of a person has caught the eye of malicious malefactors as a new group of people to attack. Since their specific rights are not protected in the constitution, a hate crime legislation was created and is currently pending in Congress. This preventative measure will discourage debatable people groups from being targeted. If this intolerance is tolerated any longer by the government and the people, many diverse people groups will suffer. Before a person decides whether to support or reject the idea of ending hate crimes, it is beneficial to understand both sides of the issue. Making predetermined judgments shows immaturity and a lack of knowledge. Therefore, a person must put aside any misconceived feelings and open their mind to the stories and lives of the perpetrators and the victims.
Being raised in a conservative Christian environment, going to church was the traditional practice every Sunday morning, Sunday night, and Wednesday evenings. The doctrinal belief was practiced outside of the home as well as inside. Missionaries would often visit the church and share stories about people who were being persecuted for their beliefs. They often expressed the ill-treatment that many women received in foreign countries. Living in the busy suburbs of America had spoiled the perspective of the outside world because everything appeared normal. Low and behold, there was a completely different environment on the other side of the world. When a person is opened to this knowledge, they tend to make two choices. The first choice is to do something about it and change the world, and the second choice is to ignore the dilemma and continue living as if it never existed. These decisions apply in every situation that is question in the life of the conservative Christian. The average conservative Christian views the lifestyle of homosexuality as being corrupt and defiling. If this is taken on a religious level, hate crimes are acceptable. On the other hand, if religion is set aside, and the original reason for Christian beliefs comes back to life, crimes against gays and lesbians are unacceptable and cruel. This is where conservative Christian people should stand, but many choose to persecute as they are being persecuted. The pattern of hurt people hurting people is immature and unacceptable. A particular race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, disability, intelligence or political affiliation should be enforced because that eliminated diversity. Our nation is a salad bowl of many different people, which makes our land of freedom unique and inviting. It is the responsibility of the people and the government to keep the integrity of America.
Everyone has their own opinions, and everyone has the choice to share their ideas or conceal them. Since abuse is not always physical, it is important to protect the emotional and mental areas of a person. People with disabilities often need more care than others. People without a disability often fall into the habit of taking life for granted. At any moment, the human body could react to something or get hurt, possibly causing a disability. Therefore, we must be considerate of all people, not judging the level of their abilities. Women, especially when they are disabled are extremely vulnerable to being taken advantage of by a man. Since men are the main participators in conducting crimes against women, the finger of blame is generally pointed at them. This is also a form of discrimination if the action is done without proof. There are many men that gather together to project the gender that birthed them. These admirable male figures in society respect their selves and others. Even though men bully other men who stick up for women, their selfless acts often cause them to question their own motives. Debatable issues can cause a vast sea of controversy and furry. A person may even be disregarded for their belief. Evidently, hearing the opinions others increases the understanding of who they are and what they belief. The revelation that is obtained by researching an area that a person is fired up about is priceless because it shows that their passion is backed up by discipline. Respect is a mutual thing; one often has to give respect in order to receive it in return.
Parks and Jones discuss how the disrespectful usage of the N-word is analyzed in crime cases with whites (1310). The tricky part about the calling an African American a nigger, is that the fellow members of their race and call them that with no problem, but if a white person goes around calling an African American a nigger, they are in deep trouble. Criminologists are particularly interested in the verbal harassment that different races receive because verbal attack is the first sign that often proceeds to a physical hate crime. On many campuses, people have dedicated their lives to look out for possible racial hate crimes to prevent another hate wave (Fleischer par. 2). African Americans have always been the target of attack particularly because of their dark skin color. Because the difference is quite noticeable, some people tend to let it bother them in a way that is unhealthy. Words are very important and should be used to encourage and build up other people instead of hurting them.
On a bright sunny day in June, James Von Brunn entered the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum and opened fire on the innocent people inside. The exact intentions and feelings of James Von Brunn are not, but it has been presumed that his dislike for the government and religious hatred was the cause. Having a highly toxic hate towards a religious group makes it terribly difficult to do anything nice to them. Strong dislike breeds hatred, hatred breeds violence, and violence breed murder, which causes death. Jews are often stereotyped as being the group who controls government institutions along with other religious groups (Eckstrom par. 6). Even though religious hate crimes have decreased during the past few years, many people are hurt for their religious lifestyle and beliefs. Many religious people become martyrs for being murdered when they stand up for their belief until death. These silent teachers make religious groups stronger and more daring. Religious hate crimes are complicated because religions are diverse and the evildoers are confused. White supremacists like James Von Brunn have unjustly taken the lives of many religious people that deserved to live.
Punching a person in the nose is a crime, but doing because they have more advance mental abilities is an even greater crime. The reports of hate crimes are severely flawed because a very small amount of people share their experience (O'Neill par. 3). Every individual has a different level of intelligence; some people like Albert Einstein are bursting through the seams with bright ideas. Since intelligent people are often favored by the people in charge, others commonly become sickened with the act of favoritism and proceed to give the favored person a hard time. Even though people of intelligence rarely die from a hate crime, the emotional and mental abuse is equally as painful. After awhile, they completely ignore society and make an oath of solitude or lash back against the evildoers. If people are kind to one another, then hateful crimes will discontinue.
When a person is diagnosed with a having disability their life changes forever. Even if the disability existed before the diagnoses, the crippling label of “disabled” has been plastered on their chest and engraved in their mind. It is often difficult for an average person to understand the mental anguish of being considered a lesser human, unworthy, or dumb. When a disabled person is viewed in this light, they hold little value and are more susceptible for attack and misfortune. Families that contain a person with a disability are forced to make the choice of personally caring for them or hiring a trained profession for the job. Depending on how severe of a disability, some people are like vegetable or active children. Since the disabled are often completely dependent on others for survival, they can easily be taken advantage of. The caretakers and closest family and friends are more commonly the ones who commit crimes against the person with disabilities (McMahon 67). It is unjust for innocent people with disabilities to be hurt and suffer because they lack the abilities of the average person.
Politics are a relevant issue in our society today. The choices that political leaders make affect the lives of many people in our country, and all over the world. Since the governmental system requires s a person to affiliate with a political party, they become stereotyped with the leaders of that political party and the actions they make. This type of condemnation is terribly far from thoughtful. Even though a person many lean towards the right side, they may agree with many opinions and views of the left side. Some people swing back and forth. Judging a person for their political associations based upon other republicans or democrats is like stereotyping a person from India or Haiti based on what is mentioned in the news. Even though the media shares the events of the world, they still are looking to maintain their fans by feeding them with most thrilling stories. Therefore, the good elements of foreign countries are often set aside in the uninteresting pile. Likewise, a person must make the effort to conduct independent research about all political parties before choosing to condemn the political affiliation of a person.
Females have a history of being discriminated and devalued for their gender. Crimes against women have taken place across the globe. The issue of violence against women is very complex and not always a concern for the people who don’t experience the pain. Being born a female gives a person an increased vulnerability to experience violence from men (Gelber par. 30). Gendered violence toward women ranges from female infanticide, rape, genital mutilation to slavery. Pakistan particularly presents an increased situation where women suffer tolerated torture and death. Women are routinely murdered for walking outside their home, or talking to a male stranger. Their deaths are symbolically used to show the other women to obey their masters or suffer the consequences. Violence against women is a global problem. Australian women often experience gendered abuse, but their voices are often smothered and kept silent. Women play an important role in society, family, and history; therefore, they should be respected and protected by all men.
Gender and gender identity are two completely different elements of human sexuality. The gender of a person is the sex they are born, and the gender identity of a person is the sex they choose. Transsexual people are often the target of unfair treatment and persecution. After adopting the lifestyle of a woman at sixteen, Angie Zapata received harassment and rejection from fellow classmates. Angie Zapata was beaten to death at the age of eighteen by a man that discovered she was not born a woman after they met online and spent the night together (Reid par. 13). Hundreds of transsexual people have been murdered for their beliefs and gender identity. Being a transgender makes a person more likely to be murdered and not find employment. The perspective of the murderer seems to consistently view the transsexual as a thing, not a human. Hitler had a similar mindset when he was slaughtering the Jews and the Christians. Each individual person has the opportunity to accept a transgender as a real human, and not discriminate against gender identity.
Hate crimes against gays and lesbians have increased over the past few years. Since gay men are the most popular target for attack, the suffering that lesbian women experience is not often discussed. Being a woman that is a homosexual makes life tough because many people do not accept the lifestyle. Even though countless people have dedicated their lives to protecting lesbians and helping them gain rights, lesbians are still the victims of abuse and murder. The preventative laws will not stop the hatred toward lesbians. However, it may decrease the amount of persecution they endure for their beliefs. The punishment that the malefactors receive will be much more severe than before, which will hopefully cause other lesbians haters to think twice before they commit a crime. Violent crimes against lesbians are often perceived as being different than regular crimes because the crimes are based on prejudice, bias or hatred from the perpetrator (Gelber par. 10). Because these crimes have been justified, they are often ignored and not considered crimes at all. The tolerance of hate orientated behavior shows that a person agrees with the intolerance of others lifestyle and beliefs. Responding to hate crime situations are just as critical as experiencing them. The past few years have been challenging for lesbians because they have a greater fear of being hurt due to the increase in hate crimes.
Matthew Shepard was a gay man who lived in a peaceful town until he was brutally murdered for his sexual orientation. His body was beaten so badly that his skull was fractured and he was barely recognizable because he was covered in his own blood. Then he was tightly tied to a rugged wooden fence and left to die alone (Martin par. 6). The villains passionately hated gays and they wanted to prove a point by beating up Matthew. Innocent, kind-hearted, and wonderful people like Matthew are hurt all over the world because many people strongly dislike homosexuals. His parents were heartbroken with the loss of their beloved son. Even though they were tremendously angry with the two men that took the life of their son, they showed grace to them despite their suffering. These crimes are committed globally and the victims are generally chosen at random. Currently, there is a hate crime legislation pending in congress in honor of Matthew Shepard. This legislation will not end all hate crimes, but it will protect the rights of homosexuals and support their quest to a better future. Gay men are just like straight men, except they have sexual feelings toward men instead of women.
Therefore, it would be showing favoritism to treat heterosexuals better than homosexuals. Since all men are made equal, they should treat everyone equally. Prejudice, bias or hatred towards homosexuals should not be tolerated or accepted.
Hate crimes range from verbal harassment to torturous murder. The process of a hate crime begins with hateful thoughts toward a certain group of people, and then it grows to unkind words. Eventually, the cycle goes from verbal cruelty to committing terrible criminal acts. These acts of hate often leave innocent people dead. Matthew Shepard was brutally beaten to death for being gay. Angie Zapata was fiercely murdered for being a transsexual. Women are murdered for not obeying their masters. African Americans are devalued and considered less human. If a person does not fit into any of the categories, they generally know someone who does. Such crimes should not be committed against anyone or anything. Taking preventative measures to protect groups that express diversity will save the lives of countless people all over the globe. Expressing a strong dislike for the race, religion, intelligence, disability, political affiliation, gender or sexual orientation of a person should be taken into consideration before taking action. A person should not tolerate the intolerance that people have towards certain racial, religious, and belief groups. This form of hate and discrimination must be stopped before more innocent people continue to suffer hate crimes.
Works Cited
Eckstrom, Kevin "Toxic mix: Antifaith and antigovernment violence." Christian Century 126.14 (2009): 16. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Fleischer, Jeff "Hate Wave?." Black Issues in Higher Education 16.12 (1999): 14. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Gelber, Katherine "Hate Crimes: Public Policy Implications of the Inclusion of Gender." Australian Journal of Political Science 35.2 (2000): 275. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Martin, Michael "Remembering Matthew." Advocate 1017 (2008): 28-35. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
McMahon, Brian T., et al. "Hate Crimes and Disability in America." Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 47.2 (2004): 66-75. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
O'Neill, Terry "Hatred everywhere." Report / Newsmagazine (Alberta Edition) 28.6 (2001): 47. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Parks, Gregory S., and Shayne E. Jones "Nigger": A Critical Race Realist Analysis of The N-Word Within Hate Crimes Law." Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 98.4 (2008): 1305-1352. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Reid, Harry "Hate crime legislation awaits Senate action." Contemporary Sexuality 43.7 (2009): 8. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Being raised in a conservative Christian environment, going to church was the traditional practice every Sunday morning, Sunday night, and Wednesday evenings. The doctrinal belief was practiced outside of the home as well as inside. Missionaries would often visit the church and share stories about people who were being persecuted for their beliefs. They often expressed the ill-treatment that many women received in foreign countries. Living in the busy suburbs of America had spoiled the perspective of the outside world because everything appeared normal. Low and behold, there was a completely different environment on the other side of the world. When a person is opened to this knowledge, they tend to make two choices. The first choice is to do something about it and change the world, and the second choice is to ignore the dilemma and continue living as if it never existed. These decisions apply in every situation that is question in the life of the conservative Christian. The average conservative Christian views the lifestyle of homosexuality as being corrupt and defiling. If this is taken on a religious level, hate crimes are acceptable. On the other hand, if religion is set aside, and the original reason for Christian beliefs comes back to life, crimes against gays and lesbians are unacceptable and cruel. This is where conservative Christian people should stand, but many choose to persecute as they are being persecuted. The pattern of hurt people hurting people is immature and unacceptable. A particular race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, disability, intelligence or political affiliation should be enforced because that eliminated diversity. Our nation is a salad bowl of many different people, which makes our land of freedom unique and inviting. It is the responsibility of the people and the government to keep the integrity of America.
Everyone has their own opinions, and everyone has the choice to share their ideas or conceal them. Since abuse is not always physical, it is important to protect the emotional and mental areas of a person. People with disabilities often need more care than others. People without a disability often fall into the habit of taking life for granted. At any moment, the human body could react to something or get hurt, possibly causing a disability. Therefore, we must be considerate of all people, not judging the level of their abilities. Women, especially when they are disabled are extremely vulnerable to being taken advantage of by a man. Since men are the main participators in conducting crimes against women, the finger of blame is generally pointed at them. This is also a form of discrimination if the action is done without proof. There are many men that gather together to project the gender that birthed them. These admirable male figures in society respect their selves and others. Even though men bully other men who stick up for women, their selfless acts often cause them to question their own motives. Debatable issues can cause a vast sea of controversy and furry. A person may even be disregarded for their belief. Evidently, hearing the opinions others increases the understanding of who they are and what they belief. The revelation that is obtained by researching an area that a person is fired up about is priceless because it shows that their passion is backed up by discipline. Respect is a mutual thing; one often has to give respect in order to receive it in return.
Parks and Jones discuss how the disrespectful usage of the N-word is analyzed in crime cases with whites (1310). The tricky part about the calling an African American a nigger, is that the fellow members of their race and call them that with no problem, but if a white person goes around calling an African American a nigger, they are in deep trouble. Criminologists are particularly interested in the verbal harassment that different races receive because verbal attack is the first sign that often proceeds to a physical hate crime. On many campuses, people have dedicated their lives to look out for possible racial hate crimes to prevent another hate wave (Fleischer par. 2). African Americans have always been the target of attack particularly because of their dark skin color. Because the difference is quite noticeable, some people tend to let it bother them in a way that is unhealthy. Words are very important and should be used to encourage and build up other people instead of hurting them.
On a bright sunny day in June, James Von Brunn entered the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum and opened fire on the innocent people inside. The exact intentions and feelings of James Von Brunn are not, but it has been presumed that his dislike for the government and religious hatred was the cause. Having a highly toxic hate towards a religious group makes it terribly difficult to do anything nice to them. Strong dislike breeds hatred, hatred breeds violence, and violence breed murder, which causes death. Jews are often stereotyped as being the group who controls government institutions along with other religious groups (Eckstrom par. 6). Even though religious hate crimes have decreased during the past few years, many people are hurt for their religious lifestyle and beliefs. Many religious people become martyrs for being murdered when they stand up for their belief until death. These silent teachers make religious groups stronger and more daring. Religious hate crimes are complicated because religions are diverse and the evildoers are confused. White supremacists like James Von Brunn have unjustly taken the lives of many religious people that deserved to live.
Punching a person in the nose is a crime, but doing because they have more advance mental abilities is an even greater crime. The reports of hate crimes are severely flawed because a very small amount of people share their experience (O'Neill par. 3). Every individual has a different level of intelligence; some people like Albert Einstein are bursting through the seams with bright ideas. Since intelligent people are often favored by the people in charge, others commonly become sickened with the act of favoritism and proceed to give the favored person a hard time. Even though people of intelligence rarely die from a hate crime, the emotional and mental abuse is equally as painful. After awhile, they completely ignore society and make an oath of solitude or lash back against the evildoers. If people are kind to one another, then hateful crimes will discontinue.
When a person is diagnosed with a having disability their life changes forever. Even if the disability existed before the diagnoses, the crippling label of “disabled” has been plastered on their chest and engraved in their mind. It is often difficult for an average person to understand the mental anguish of being considered a lesser human, unworthy, or dumb. When a disabled person is viewed in this light, they hold little value and are more susceptible for attack and misfortune. Families that contain a person with a disability are forced to make the choice of personally caring for them or hiring a trained profession for the job. Depending on how severe of a disability, some people are like vegetable or active children. Since the disabled are often completely dependent on others for survival, they can easily be taken advantage of. The caretakers and closest family and friends are more commonly the ones who commit crimes against the person with disabilities (McMahon 67). It is unjust for innocent people with disabilities to be hurt and suffer because they lack the abilities of the average person.
Politics are a relevant issue in our society today. The choices that political leaders make affect the lives of many people in our country, and all over the world. Since the governmental system requires s a person to affiliate with a political party, they become stereotyped with the leaders of that political party and the actions they make. This type of condemnation is terribly far from thoughtful. Even though a person many lean towards the right side, they may agree with many opinions and views of the left side. Some people swing back and forth. Judging a person for their political associations based upon other republicans or democrats is like stereotyping a person from India or Haiti based on what is mentioned in the news. Even though the media shares the events of the world, they still are looking to maintain their fans by feeding them with most thrilling stories. Therefore, the good elements of foreign countries are often set aside in the uninteresting pile. Likewise, a person must make the effort to conduct independent research about all political parties before choosing to condemn the political affiliation of a person.
Females have a history of being discriminated and devalued for their gender. Crimes against women have taken place across the globe. The issue of violence against women is very complex and not always a concern for the people who don’t experience the pain. Being born a female gives a person an increased vulnerability to experience violence from men (Gelber par. 30). Gendered violence toward women ranges from female infanticide, rape, genital mutilation to slavery. Pakistan particularly presents an increased situation where women suffer tolerated torture and death. Women are routinely murdered for walking outside their home, or talking to a male stranger. Their deaths are symbolically used to show the other women to obey their masters or suffer the consequences. Violence against women is a global problem. Australian women often experience gendered abuse, but their voices are often smothered and kept silent. Women play an important role in society, family, and history; therefore, they should be respected and protected by all men.
Gender and gender identity are two completely different elements of human sexuality. The gender of a person is the sex they are born, and the gender identity of a person is the sex they choose. Transsexual people are often the target of unfair treatment and persecution. After adopting the lifestyle of a woman at sixteen, Angie Zapata received harassment and rejection from fellow classmates. Angie Zapata was beaten to death at the age of eighteen by a man that discovered she was not born a woman after they met online and spent the night together (Reid par. 13). Hundreds of transsexual people have been murdered for their beliefs and gender identity. Being a transgender makes a person more likely to be murdered and not find employment. The perspective of the murderer seems to consistently view the transsexual as a thing, not a human. Hitler had a similar mindset when he was slaughtering the Jews and the Christians. Each individual person has the opportunity to accept a transgender as a real human, and not discriminate against gender identity.
Hate crimes against gays and lesbians have increased over the past few years. Since gay men are the most popular target for attack, the suffering that lesbian women experience is not often discussed. Being a woman that is a homosexual makes life tough because many people do not accept the lifestyle. Even though countless people have dedicated their lives to protecting lesbians and helping them gain rights, lesbians are still the victims of abuse and murder. The preventative laws will not stop the hatred toward lesbians. However, it may decrease the amount of persecution they endure for their beliefs. The punishment that the malefactors receive will be much more severe than before, which will hopefully cause other lesbians haters to think twice before they commit a crime. Violent crimes against lesbians are often perceived as being different than regular crimes because the crimes are based on prejudice, bias or hatred from the perpetrator (Gelber par. 10). Because these crimes have been justified, they are often ignored and not considered crimes at all. The tolerance of hate orientated behavior shows that a person agrees with the intolerance of others lifestyle and beliefs. Responding to hate crime situations are just as critical as experiencing them. The past few years have been challenging for lesbians because they have a greater fear of being hurt due to the increase in hate crimes.
Matthew Shepard was a gay man who lived in a peaceful town until he was brutally murdered for his sexual orientation. His body was beaten so badly that his skull was fractured and he was barely recognizable because he was covered in his own blood. Then he was tightly tied to a rugged wooden fence and left to die alone (Martin par. 6). The villains passionately hated gays and they wanted to prove a point by beating up Matthew. Innocent, kind-hearted, and wonderful people like Matthew are hurt all over the world because many people strongly dislike homosexuals. His parents were heartbroken with the loss of their beloved son. Even though they were tremendously angry with the two men that took the life of their son, they showed grace to them despite their suffering. These crimes are committed globally and the victims are generally chosen at random. Currently, there is a hate crime legislation pending in congress in honor of Matthew Shepard. This legislation will not end all hate crimes, but it will protect the rights of homosexuals and support their quest to a better future. Gay men are just like straight men, except they have sexual feelings toward men instead of women.
Therefore, it would be showing favoritism to treat heterosexuals better than homosexuals. Since all men are made equal, they should treat everyone equally. Prejudice, bias or hatred towards homosexuals should not be tolerated or accepted.
Hate crimes range from verbal harassment to torturous murder. The process of a hate crime begins with hateful thoughts toward a certain group of people, and then it grows to unkind words. Eventually, the cycle goes from verbal cruelty to committing terrible criminal acts. These acts of hate often leave innocent people dead. Matthew Shepard was brutally beaten to death for being gay. Angie Zapata was fiercely murdered for being a transsexual. Women are murdered for not obeying their masters. African Americans are devalued and considered less human. If a person does not fit into any of the categories, they generally know someone who does. Such crimes should not be committed against anyone or anything. Taking preventative measures to protect groups that express diversity will save the lives of countless people all over the globe. Expressing a strong dislike for the race, religion, intelligence, disability, political affiliation, gender or sexual orientation of a person should be taken into consideration before taking action. A person should not tolerate the intolerance that people have towards certain racial, religious, and belief groups. This form of hate and discrimination must be stopped before more innocent people continue to suffer hate crimes.
Works Cited
Eckstrom, Kevin "Toxic mix: Antifaith and antigovernment violence." Christian Century 126.14 (2009): 16. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Fleischer, Jeff "Hate Wave?." Black Issues in Higher Education 16.12 (1999): 14. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Gelber, Katherine "Hate Crimes: Public Policy Implications of the Inclusion of Gender." Australian Journal of Political Science 35.2 (2000): 275. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Martin, Michael "Remembering Matthew." Advocate 1017 (2008): 28-35. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
McMahon, Brian T., et al. "Hate Crimes and Disability in America." Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 47.2 (2004): 66-75. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
O'Neill, Terry "Hatred everywhere." Report / Newsmagazine (Alberta Edition) 28.6 (2001): 47. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Parks, Gregory S., and Shayne E. Jones "Nigger": A Critical Race Realist Analysis of The N-Word Within Hate Crimes Law." Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 98.4 (2008): 1305-1352. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Reid, Harry "Hate crime legislation awaits Senate action." Contemporary Sexuality 43.7 (2009): 8. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. McHenry County College Lib., Crystal Lake. 30 Nov. 2009 < http://search.ebscohost.com>.
Designer Babies
Scientists all over the world have discovered how to genetically engineer organisms in a way that makes them superior to their ancestors. Every day, brilliant men and women advance in understanding and manipulating the complexity of genes. The genetic revolutions of creating seeds invincible to insects and drought, making dogs, mice, and fish glow under a black-light are small steps compared to recent developments. Today, the scientific focus is on the genetic engineering of humans. Deeming the process of genetic engineering as making ‘designer babies,’ gives it a more casual feeling and allows parents to believe that they are creating the perfect child. Since science is like a foreign language, it is important to translate how and why genetic engineering is referred to as designing babies into our modern language.
It is essential to initially gather a simple idea and background about how genetic engineering works and why people feel the way they do regarding the issue. Genetic engineering begins by cutting the DNA using restriction enzymes. Then the sticky ends are bonded to another strand of DNA while new genes are inserted into the embryo. After the original and new DNA sticks together, the cells start to follow the assignment of the DNA combination. While this may seem like an extraordinary process, it has many critics flustered. Some believe that if designer babies continue to be born, it could cause a divide in society between those who are perfect and imperfect. However, giving a child a life that is “disease resistant,” could change their destiny and help them live longer and healthier (Masci, sec. 3). Genetic engineering allows parents to “dramatically improve their chances of having a boy or girl” with the exact characteristics they desire (Masci, sec. 5). Genetic engineering is an open door for people with innovated ideas and open minds.
Words are significant and that is why they must be analyzed. The language framing designer babies is fundamentally referred to as genetic engineering. Engineering is the process of skillfully making practical applications in art or science. Books on the topic of biology would define genetics as the makeup of an organism. Together, these two terms explode into the understanding that special purposes of the organism are being perfected. New discoveries are always expensive, but “genetic engineering eventually will become affordable” (Masci, sec. 4). Once the price is low, baby designing clinics may very well be on demand.
The media translated the scientific term of genetic engineering into the modern and intriguing words, designer babies. This makes the complex idea of genetic engineering magically change from sounding like rocket science to something that an average citizen could handle. Design is a gigantic element in our society. It is known as an arrangement that is pleasing to the eye with conceptual style. People are comfortable with designing homes, interiors, and outfits. This automatically makes the word design, seem very casual. Baby is a word that everyone knows or will know. Infants are definitely more common than design. They are what create the designs when they reach adulthood. Together, the two words design and baby make a comfortable and catchy sounding term, “designer babies” (Brownlee, sec. 1).
Another more modern name referring to genetically modified people is the term “superhuman” (Appleyard, sec. 5). Since the main purpose of altering the genes is to remove all the harmful diseases and problems that normal humans face, they should be practically invincible. The first part of this term is extremely valuable because super is a fat word – a word that is overly used. Super is correctly described as gloriously divine and magnificently incomparable. Living without any health issues or physical discomforts would honestly be like heaven. Expounding upon the second half of the word, human, many people assume their own definitions. Humans are diverse. They are frail, flawed, and full of ideas and emotions. Superhuman is technically an oxymoron. Nonetheless, the word super reflects the word human as a bonus feature rather than a contradiction.
Out of the three terms that were discussed, the primary term is ultimately, ‘designer babies’. The idea that parents can create the child of their dreams is turning into a reality. Choosing the perfect hair, eyes, and skin color for an infant can be as simple as deciding what to wear. Intelligence, beauty, athletics, or music could also come in the package. Having the ability to make decisions and not regret them is what matters. A Superhuman can only be as super as we can make them. Basically, genetically modified humans “will certainly be no better than us, and with luck, no worse” (Appleyard, sec. 5). In the end, we can be reassured that “designing babies to be 'better' means designing them to be more, not less, like us” (Appleyard, sec. 5).
Making babies will become a completely different experience for men and women if genetic engineering is adopted. The type of love that birthed countless infants will have a sophisticated twist. Passion will not be the drive makes new lives, selection will – selection of the best. On a positive note, if a person has an inherited genetic disease, it can be plucked out of their future child’s embryo and end an issue permanently. Medical costs will decrease if the genes are correctly engineering to not contain diseases. There is one concern that must be addressed – controlling reproduction (Appleyard, sec 2). Designing babies could cause reproduction to be like a production line, which could result in forgetting how to naturally conceive a child.
Our mental capacities have limits. When a certain maximum has been reached, we need to take a break or dare to step on the verge of a mental breakdown. Perhaps, these super minded genetically modified humans will be able to engineer future generations. Humanity will be forced to become better, and better, and better. The human race will be changed forever. Since parents are the prime targets for buying a designer baby, they are forced to deal with something that no other generation has dealt with before. Finding a cure for cancer and other terminating illnesses won’t be needed because the designed humans won’t have any health conditions. The sky will be the limit when it comes to a superhuman.
Clearing up the language about designer babies makes it much easier to comprehend. Translating a foreign language into a language that is your own can be frustrating at first, but conquering the beast leads to a satisfying victory. The implications that ring in the sound of, ‘designer babies,’ have been analyzed and dissected. Scientists are skillfully working on discovering even more advanced wonders. Selling the process as ‘designing babies,’ provides it with a more acceptable and achievable feeling. Parents can believe that they are actually creating their child, when they are simply altering what was already created. Genetic engineering is a superior advancement that will benefit society both now and in the future. Embracing the elimination of disease will assist in creating a group of people that are designed to be invincible. Genetically engineering a superior race will start the long process of solving the world’s problems.
Works Cited
Appleyard, Bryan. "The Impact of Human Enhancement Is Uncertain." Opposing Viewpoints: Medicine. Ed. Louise Gerdes. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. McHenry County College, Crystal Lake, IL. 16 Sep. 2009 .
Brownlee, Shannon. "Society Should Restrict 'Designer Baby' Technologies." Opposing Viewpoints: Reproductive Technologies. Ed. Clay Farris Naff. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. McHenry County College, Crystal Lake, IL. 16 Sep. 2009 .
Masci, David. "Designer Humans." CQ Researcher 11.19 (2001): 425-440. CQ Researcher. Web. McHenry County College, Crystal Lake, IL. 16 Sept. 2009. .
It is essential to initially gather a simple idea and background about how genetic engineering works and why people feel the way they do regarding the issue. Genetic engineering begins by cutting the DNA using restriction enzymes. Then the sticky ends are bonded to another strand of DNA while new genes are inserted into the embryo. After the original and new DNA sticks together, the cells start to follow the assignment of the DNA combination. While this may seem like an extraordinary process, it has many critics flustered. Some believe that if designer babies continue to be born, it could cause a divide in society between those who are perfect and imperfect. However, giving a child a life that is “disease resistant,” could change their destiny and help them live longer and healthier (Masci, sec. 3). Genetic engineering allows parents to “dramatically improve their chances of having a boy or girl” with the exact characteristics they desire (Masci, sec. 5). Genetic engineering is an open door for people with innovated ideas and open minds.
Words are significant and that is why they must be analyzed. The language framing designer babies is fundamentally referred to as genetic engineering. Engineering is the process of skillfully making practical applications in art or science. Books on the topic of biology would define genetics as the makeup of an organism. Together, these two terms explode into the understanding that special purposes of the organism are being perfected. New discoveries are always expensive, but “genetic engineering eventually will become affordable” (Masci, sec. 4). Once the price is low, baby designing clinics may very well be on demand.
The media translated the scientific term of genetic engineering into the modern and intriguing words, designer babies. This makes the complex idea of genetic engineering magically change from sounding like rocket science to something that an average citizen could handle. Design is a gigantic element in our society. It is known as an arrangement that is pleasing to the eye with conceptual style. People are comfortable with designing homes, interiors, and outfits. This automatically makes the word design, seem very casual. Baby is a word that everyone knows or will know. Infants are definitely more common than design. They are what create the designs when they reach adulthood. Together, the two words design and baby make a comfortable and catchy sounding term, “designer babies” (Brownlee, sec. 1).
Another more modern name referring to genetically modified people is the term “superhuman” (Appleyard, sec. 5). Since the main purpose of altering the genes is to remove all the harmful diseases and problems that normal humans face, they should be practically invincible. The first part of this term is extremely valuable because super is a fat word – a word that is overly used. Super is correctly described as gloriously divine and magnificently incomparable. Living without any health issues or physical discomforts would honestly be like heaven. Expounding upon the second half of the word, human, many people assume their own definitions. Humans are diverse. They are frail, flawed, and full of ideas and emotions. Superhuman is technically an oxymoron. Nonetheless, the word super reflects the word human as a bonus feature rather than a contradiction.
Out of the three terms that were discussed, the primary term is ultimately, ‘designer babies’. The idea that parents can create the child of their dreams is turning into a reality. Choosing the perfect hair, eyes, and skin color for an infant can be as simple as deciding what to wear. Intelligence, beauty, athletics, or music could also come in the package. Having the ability to make decisions and not regret them is what matters. A Superhuman can only be as super as we can make them. Basically, genetically modified humans “will certainly be no better than us, and with luck, no worse” (Appleyard, sec. 5). In the end, we can be reassured that “designing babies to be 'better' means designing them to be more, not less, like us” (Appleyard, sec. 5).
Making babies will become a completely different experience for men and women if genetic engineering is adopted. The type of love that birthed countless infants will have a sophisticated twist. Passion will not be the drive makes new lives, selection will – selection of the best. On a positive note, if a person has an inherited genetic disease, it can be plucked out of their future child’s embryo and end an issue permanently. Medical costs will decrease if the genes are correctly engineering to not contain diseases. There is one concern that must be addressed – controlling reproduction (Appleyard, sec 2). Designing babies could cause reproduction to be like a production line, which could result in forgetting how to naturally conceive a child.
Our mental capacities have limits. When a certain maximum has been reached, we need to take a break or dare to step on the verge of a mental breakdown. Perhaps, these super minded genetically modified humans will be able to engineer future generations. Humanity will be forced to become better, and better, and better. The human race will be changed forever. Since parents are the prime targets for buying a designer baby, they are forced to deal with something that no other generation has dealt with before. Finding a cure for cancer and other terminating illnesses won’t be needed because the designed humans won’t have any health conditions. The sky will be the limit when it comes to a superhuman.
Clearing up the language about designer babies makes it much easier to comprehend. Translating a foreign language into a language that is your own can be frustrating at first, but conquering the beast leads to a satisfying victory. The implications that ring in the sound of, ‘designer babies,’ have been analyzed and dissected. Scientists are skillfully working on discovering even more advanced wonders. Selling the process as ‘designing babies,’ provides it with a more acceptable and achievable feeling. Parents can believe that they are actually creating their child, when they are simply altering what was already created. Genetic engineering is a superior advancement that will benefit society both now and in the future. Embracing the elimination of disease will assist in creating a group of people that are designed to be invincible. Genetically engineering a superior race will start the long process of solving the world’s problems.
Works Cited
Appleyard, Bryan. "The Impact of Human Enhancement Is Uncertain." Opposing Viewpoints: Medicine. Ed. Louise Gerdes. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. McHenry County College, Crystal Lake, IL. 16 Sep. 2009 .
Brownlee, Shannon. "Society Should Restrict 'Designer Baby' Technologies." Opposing Viewpoints: Reproductive Technologies. Ed. Clay Farris Naff. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. McHenry County College, Crystal Lake, IL. 16 Sep. 2009 .
Masci, David. "Designer Humans." CQ Researcher 11.19 (2001): 425-440. CQ Researcher. Web. McHenry County College, Crystal Lake, IL. 16 Sept. 2009. .
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